A. 求有关浮动汇率的英文资料！
Did you know that the foreign exchange market (also known as FX or forex) is the largest market in the world? In fact, over $1 trillion is traded in the currency markets on a daily basis. This article is certainly not a primer for currency trading, but it will help you understand exchange rates and why some fluctuate while others do not.
What Is an Exchange Rate?
An exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. In other words, it is the value of another country's currency compared to that of your own. If you are traveling to another country, you need to "buy" the local currency. Just like the price of any asset, the exchange rate is the price at which you can buy that currency. If you are traveling to Egypt, for example, and the exchange rate for USD 1.00 is EGP 5.50, this means that for every U.S. dollar, you can buy five and a half Egyptian pounds. Theoretically, identical assets should sell at the same price in different countries, because the exchange rate must maintain the inherent value of one currency against the other.
Fixed
There are two ways the price of a currency can be determined against another. A fixed, or pegged, rate is a rate the government (central bank) sets and maintains as the official exchange rate. A set price will be determined against a major world currency (usually the U.S. dollar, but also other major currencies such as the euro, the yen, or a basket of currencies). In order to maintain the local exchange rate, the central bank buys and sells its own currency on the foreign exchange market in return for the currency to which it is pegged.
If, for example, it is determined that the value of a single unit of local currency is equal to USD 3.00, the central bank will have to ensure that it can supply the market with those dollars. In order to maintain the rate, the central bank must keep a high level of foreign reserves. This is a reserved amount of foreign currency held by the central bank which it can use to release (or absorb) extra funds into (or out of) the market. This ensures an appropriate money supply, appropriate fluctuations in the market (inflation/deflation), and ultimately, the exchange rate. The central bank can also adjust the official exchange rate when necessary.
Floating
Unlike the fixed rate, a floating exchange rate is determined by the private market through supply and demand. A floating rate is often termed "self-correcting", as any differences in supply and demand will automatically be corrected in the market. Take a look at this simplified model: if demand for a currency is low, its value will decrease, thus making imported goods more expensive and thus stimulating demand for local goods and services. This in turn will generate more jobs, and hence an auto-correction would occur in the market. A floating exchange rate is constantly changing.
In reality, no currency is wholly fixed or floating. In a fixed regime, market pressures can also influence changes in the exchange rate. Sometimes, when a local currency does reflect its true value against its pegged currency, a "black market" which is more reflective of actual supply and demand may develop. A central bank will often then be forced to revalue or devalue the official rate so that the rate is in line with the unofficial one, thereby halting the activity of the black market.
In a floating regime, the central bank may also intervene when it is necessary to ensure stability and to avoid inflation; however, it is less often that the central bank of a floating regime will interfere.
The World Once Pegged
Between 1870 and 1914, there was a global fixed exchange rate. Currencies were linked to gold, meaning that the value of a local currency was fixed at a set exchange rate to gold ounces. This was known as the gold standard. This allowed for unrestricted capital mobility as well as global stability in currencies and trade; however, with the start of World War I, the gold standard was abandoned.
At the end of World War II, the conference at Bretton Woods, in an effort to generate global economic stability and increased volumes of global trade, established the basic rules and regulations governing international exchange. As such, an international monetary system, embodied in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was established to promote foreign trade and to maintain the monetary stability of countries and therefore that of the global economy.
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It was agreed that currencies would once again be fixed, or pegged, but this time to the U.S. dollar, which in turn was pegged to gold at USD 35/ounce. What this meant was that the value of a currency was directly linked with the value of the U.S. dollar. So if you needed to buy Japanese yen, the value of the yen would be expressed in U.S. dollars, whose value in turn was determined in the value of gold. If a country needed to readjust the value of its currency, it could approach the IMF to adjust the pegged value of its currency. The peg was maintained until 1971, when the U.S. dollar could no longer hold the value of the pegged rate of USD 35/ounce of gold.
From then on, major governments adopted a floating system, and all attempts to move back to a global peg were eventually abandoned in 1985. Since then, no major economies have gone back to a peg, and the use of gold as a peg has been completely abandoned.
Why Peg?
The reasons to peg a currency are linked to stability. Especially in today's developing nations, a country may decide to peg its currency to create a stable atmosphere for foreign investment. With a peg the investor will always know what his/her investment value is, and therefore will not have to worry about daily fluctuations. A pegged currency can also help to lower inflation rates and generate demand, which results from greater confidence in the stability of the currency.
Fixed regimes, however, can often lead to severe financial crises since a peg is difficult to maintain in the long run. This was seen in the Mexican (1995), Asian and Russian (1997) financial crises: an attempt to maintain a high value of the local currency to the peg resulted in the currencies eventually becoming overvalued. This meant that the governments could no longer meet the demands to convert the local currency into the foreign currency at the pegged rate. With speculation and panic, investors scrambled to get out their money and convert it into foreign currency before the local currency was devalued against the peg; foreign reserve supplies eventually became depleted. In Mexico's case, the government was forced to devalue the peso by 30%. In Thailand, the government eventually had to allow the currency to float, and by the end of 1997, the bhat had lost its value by 50% as the market's demand and supply readjusted the value of the local currency.
Countries with pegs are often associated with having unsophisticated capital markets and weak regulating institutions. The peg is therefore there to help create stability in such an environment. It takes a stronger system as well as a mature market to maintain a float. When a country is forced to devalue its currency, it is also required to proceed with some form of economic reform, like implementing greater transparency, in an effort to strengthen its financial institutions.
Some governments may choose to have a "floating," or "crawling" peg, whereby the government reassesses the value of the peg periodically and then changes the peg rate accordingly. Usually the change is devaluation, but one that is controlled so that market panic is avoided. This method is often used in the transition from a peg to a floating regime, and it allows the government to "save face" by not being forced to devalue in an uncontrollable crisis.
Although the peg has worked in creating global trade and monetary stability, it was used only at a time when all the major economies were a part of it. And while a floating regime is not without its flaws, it has proven to be a more efficient means of determining the long term value of a currency and creating equilibrium in the international market.
B. 汇率方面的英文参考文献 最少来3个 谢谢 ！~！！！
Exchange rate
In finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.
The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.
Quotations
An exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 1.3 (1.3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EUR.
There is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:
EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).
Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (i.e. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than 1.000. This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule e.g. the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the price currency (e.g., EUR 1.00 = $1.45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most countries.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the unit currency (e.g., £0.4762 = $1.00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the eurozone.
direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units
indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units
Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (i.e., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is depreciating.
When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = 1.33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 1.33866 USD.
Currency pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. e.g. if EUR1 is worth USD1.35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount e.g. 1.35/1.00 = 1.35
Market convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than 1.000 which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (e.g. the former Turkish Lira). e.g. (GBPOMR : 0.765432 - EURUSD : 1.3386 - GBPBEF : 58.234 - EURJPY : 165.29). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal places.
In 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed this.
Free or pegged
Main article: Exchange rate regime
If a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB 8.2768 to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]
Nominal and real exchange rates
The nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency.
The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e.
The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, e to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (e.g. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to rece price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards parity.
More recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative proctivity and the real interest rate differential.
Bilateral vs effective exchange rate
Bilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment phenomenon.
Uncovered interest rate parity
See also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity
Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a premium.
UIRP showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding currency.
Balance of payments model
This model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which proces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience rection in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards equilibrium.
Like PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market model.
Asset market model
See also: Capital asset pricing model
The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and proctivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and services.
The asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly equities.
Like the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange rates.
Fluctuations in exchange rates
A market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).
Increased demand for a currency is e to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic proct (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money e to business transactions.
The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).
In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).
汇率
在经济学上，汇率定义为两国货币之间兑换的比例。通常会将某一国的货币设为基准，以此换算金额价值他国几元的货币。在英文使用方面，有时简写为FX，此为外国货币Foreign Exchange的简写。
通俗的说，是一国货币单位兑换他国货币单位的比率，也可以说是用一国货币表示的另一国货币的价格。
汇率的特性在于它多半是浮动的比率。只要货币能够透过汇率自由交换，依交换量的多寡，就会影响隔天的汇率，因此，有人也以赚汇差营利，今日以较低的比率购进某一外币，隔日等到较高的比率出现时，再转手卖出。
所以有时汇率也能看出一个国家的经济状况。了解外汇也能看出这个国家的出口贸易状况。
交叉汇率
所谓交叉汇率是指两种不同货币之间的价格关系，两个国家之间的货币汇兑是利用各自对美元的汇率套算得出。
举例来看，若一美元可分别兑换0.8112欧元、109.28日圆，则欧元兑日圆的交叉汇率为134.71（= 109.28/0.8112）。
C. 帮帮我吧~~
http://www.for68.com/web/smzysy/more.asp?page=2&ac=776
D. 英语达人请入~~~~~~~~~~~~~
这是我在金山词霸里找的,建议你去下一个词霸,学英语很有用的:
economist 经济学家
socialist economy 社会主义经济
capitalist economy 资本主义经济
collective economy 集体经济
planned economy 计划经济
controlled economy 管制经济
rural economics 农村经济
liberal economy 自由经济
mixed economy 混合经济
political economy 政治经济学
protectionism 保护主义
autarchy 闭关自守
primary sector 初级成分
private sector 私营成分,私营部门
public sector 公共部门,公共成分
economic channels 经济渠道
economic balance 经济平衡
economic fluctuation 经济波动
economic depression 经济衰退
economic stability 经济稳定
economic policy 经济政策
economic recovery 经济复原
understanding 约定
concentration 集中
holding company 控股公司
trust 托拉斯
cartel 卡特尔
rate of growth 增长
economic trend 经济趋势
economic situation 经济形势
infrastructure 基本建设
standard of living 生活标准,生活水平
purchasing power, buying power 购买力
scarcity 短缺
stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气
underdevelopment 不发达
underdeveloped 不发达的
developing 发展中的
initial capital 创办资本
frozen capital 冻结资金
frozen assets 冻结资产
fixed assets 固定资产
real estate 不动产,房地产
circulating capital, working capital 流动资本
available capital 可用资产
capital goods 资本货物
reserve 准备金,储备金
calling up of capital 催缴资本
allocation of funds 资金分配
contribution of funds 资金捐献
working capital fund 周转基金
revolving fund 循环基金,周转性基金
contingency fund 意外开支,准备金
reserve fund 准备金
buffer fund 缓冲基金,平准基金
sinking fund 偿债基金
investment 投资,资产
investor 投资人
self-financing 自筹经费,经费自给
bank 银行
current account 经常帐户 (美作:checking account)
current-account holder 支票帐户 (美作:checking-account holder)
cheque 支票 (美作:check)
bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 无记名支票,来人支票
crossed cheque 划线支票
traveller's cheque 旅行支票
chequebook 支票簿,支票本 (美作:checkbook)
endorsement 背书
transfer 转让,转帐,过户
money 货币
issue 发行
ready money 现钱
cash 现金
ready money business, no credit given 现金交易,概不赊欠
change 零钱
banknote, note 钞票,纸币 (美作:bill)
to pay (in) cash 付现金
domestic currency, local currency] 本国货币
convertibility 可兑换性
convertible currencies 可自由兑换货币
exchange rate 汇率,兑换率
foreign exchange 外汇
floating exchange rate 浮动汇率
free exchange rates 自由汇兑市场
foreign exchange certificate 外汇兑换券
hard currency 硬通货
speculation 投机
saving 储装,存款
depreciation 减价,贬值
devaluation (货币)贬值
revaluation 重估价
runaway inflation 无法控制的通货膨胀
deflation 通货紧缩
capital flight 资本外逃
securities business 证券市场
stock exchange 股票市场
stock exchange corporation 证券交易所
stock exchange 证券交易所,股票交易所
quotation 报价,牌价
share 股份,股票
shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股东
dividend 股息,红利
cash dividend 现金配股
stock investment 股票投资
investment trust 投资信托
stock-jobber 股票经纪人
stock company, stock brokerage firm 证券公司
securities 有价证券
share, common stock 普通股
preference stock 优先股
income gain 股利收入
issue 发行股票
par value 股面价格, 票面价格
bull 买手, 多头
bear 卖手, 空头
assigned 过户
opening price 开盘
closing price 收盘
hard times 低潮
business recession 景气衰退
doldrums 景气停滞
ll 盘整
ease 松弛
raising limit 涨停板
break 暴跌
bond, debenture 债券
Wall Street 华尔街
short term loan 短期贷款
long term loan 长期贷款
medium term loan 中期贷款
lender 债权人
creditor 债权人
debtor 债务人,借方
borrower 借方,借款人
borrowing 借款
interest 利息
rate of interest 利率
discount 贴现,折扣
rediscount 再贴现
annuity 年金
maturity 到期日,偿还日
amortization 摊销,摊还,分期偿付
redemption 偿还
insurance 保险
mortgage 抵押
allotment 拨款
short term credit 短期信贷
consolidated debt 合并债务
funded debt 固定债务,长期债务
floating debt 流动债务
drawing 提款,提存
aid 援助
allowance, grant, subsidy 补贴,补助金,津贴
output 产出,产量
procer 生产者,制造者
proctive, procing 生产的
procts, goods 产品
consumer goods 消费品
article 物品,商品
manufactured goods, finished goods 制成品,产成品
raw proct 初级产品
semifinished goods 半成品
by-proct 副产品
foodstuffs 食品
raw material 原料
supply 供应,补给
input 投入
proctivity 生产率
proctiveness 赢利性
overproction 生产过剩
cost 成本,费用
expenditure, outgoings 开支,支出
fixed costs 固定成本
overhead costs 营业间接成本
overheads 杂项开支,间接成本
operating costs 生产费用,营业成本
operating expenses 营业费用
running expenses 日常费用,经营费用
miscellaneous costs 杂项费用
overhead expenses 间接费用,管理费用
upkeep costs, maintenance costs 维修费用,养护费用
transport costs 运输费用
social charges 社会负担费用
contingent expenses, contingencies 或有费用
apportionment of expenses 分摊费用
income 收入,收益
earnings 利润,收益
gross income, gross earnings 总收入,总收益
gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,总利润,利益毛额
net income 纯收益,净收入,收益净额
average income 平均收入
national income 国民收入
profitability, profit earning capacity 利润率,赢利率
yield 产量收益,收益率
increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值
ty 税
taxation system 税制
taxation 征税,纳税
fiscal charges 财务税收
progressive taxation 累进税制
graated tax 累进税
value added tax 增值税
income tax 所得税
land tax 地租,地价税
excise tax 特许权税
basis of assessment 估税标准
taxable income 须纳税的收入
fiscality 检查
tax-free 免税的
tax exemption 免税
taxpayer 纳税人
tax collector 收税员
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, C.C.P.I.T. 中国国际贸易促进委员会
National Council for US-China Trade 美中贸易全国理事会
Japan-China Economic Association 日中经济协会
Association for the Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本国际贸易促进会
British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英国国际贸易促进委员会
International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会
International Union of Marine Insurance 国际海洋运输保险协会
International Alumina Association 国际铝矾土协会
Universal Postal Union, UPU 万国邮政联盟
Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 关税合作理事会
United Nations Trade and Development Board 联合国贸易与发展理事会
Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, DECD 经济合作与开发组织
European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 欧洲经济共同体
European Free Trade Association, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易联盟
European Free Trade Area, EFTA 欧洲自由贸易区
Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 经济互助委员会
Eurogroup 欧洲集团
Group of Ten 十国集团
Committee of Twenty(Paris Club) 二十国委员会
Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎统筹委员会
Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA 加勒比共同市场（加勒比自由贸易同盟）
Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市场
Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲自由贸易联盟
Central American Common Market, CACM 中美洲共同市场
African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲与马尔加什共同组织
East African Common Market, EACM 东非共同市场
Central African Customs and Economic Union, CEUCA 中非关税经济同盟
West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非经济共同体
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC 石油输出国组织
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OAPEC 阿拉伯石油输出国组织
Commonwealth Preference Area 英联邦特惠区
Centre National Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade 法国对外贸易中心
People's Bank of China 中国人民银行
Bank of China 中国银行
International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD 国际复兴开发银行
World Bank 世界银行
International Development association, IDA 国际开发协会
International Monetary Found Agreement 国际货币基金协定
International Monetary Found, IMF 国际货币基金组织
European Economic and Monetary Union 欧洲经济与货币同盟
European Monetary Cooperation Fund 欧洲货币合作基金
Bank for International Settlements, BIS 国际结算银行
African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲开发银行
Export-Import Bank of Washington 美国进出口银行
National city Bank of New York 花旗银行
American Oriental Banking Corporation 美丰银行
American Express Co. Inc. 美国万国宝通银行
The Chase Bank 大通银行
Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美开发银行
European Investment Bank, EIB 欧洲投资银行
Midland Bank,Ltd. 米兰银行
United Bank of Switzerland 瑞士联合银行
Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦银行
Bank of Tokyo,Ltd. 东京银行
Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港汇丰银行
International Finance Corporation, IFC 国际金融公司
La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同体
Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 联合国经济及社会理事会
United Nations Development Program, NUDP 联合国开发计划署
United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 联合国资本开发基金
United Nations Instrial Development Organization, UNIDO 联合国工业发展组织
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD 联合国贸易与发展会议
Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO 粮食与农业组织, 粮农组织
Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 欧洲经济委员会
Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLA 拉丁美洲经济委员会
Economic Commission for Asia and Far East, ECAFE 亚洲及远东经济委员会
Economic Commission for Western Asia, ECWA 西亚经济委员会
Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲经济委员会
Overseas Chinese Investment Company 华侨投资公司
New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 纽约证券交易所
London Stock Market 伦敦股票市场
Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 波罗的海商业和航运交易所
E. 高手进！关于金融英语的选择题，一定要正确率啊！拜托了！100分全给了！
1a 2c 3d 4c 5d 6c 7b 8d 9d 10d 11b 12d 13c 14a 15b 16d 17c 18a 19a 20c
F. currency speculation
是。 就是指通过进行不同币种之间的买卖，利用汇率变化来赚钱，当然也可能结果是赔钱。所以叫投机。
比如人民币要升值了， 好多热钱(hot money）都换成了人民币等升值， 这些钱不是投资（investment), 而是投机speculative money，一但升完值，立刻就卖掉离开了。
我觉得楼上说的是一种债券投资技巧 Bond Investment Strategy
G. 帮忙翻译几个词
体现在 embody
eg.体现在产品上的先进技术转移:
transfer of advanced technology embodied in proct
打垮 put to rout
一体化 Gleichschaltung(德语） all-in-one
炒作 speculation (stock)
hype (news)
发挥作用
充分发挥作用:
1. put into fullplay
2. call into fullplay
政府的政策开始发挥作用了.
The government's policies are beginning to tell.
广告多通过启发人的联想力而发挥作用.
Most advertisements work through suggestion.
造成冲击 bring about impact
H. 帮忙翻译几句英文！谢谢
Foreign Exchange Market
外汇市场
Functions:
功能
Currency conversion
货币兑换
Insuring against foreign exchange risk
保障免受外汇风险
-hedging
套头交易
Currency risk：
货币风险：
Exchange rate changes from the date of contract to the date of payment
从合同签署日起到支付日，汇率一直变动
Currency speculation：
货币投机买卖：
Short-term movement of funds from one currency to another for gains
短期的货币间获益性流动
I. 经济学怎吗说
economics