A. 求有關浮動匯率的英文資料！
Did you know that the foreign exchange market (also known as FX or forex) is the largest market in the world? In fact, over $1 trillion is traded in the currency markets on a daily basis. This article is certainly not a primer for currency trading, but it will help you understand exchange rates and why some fluctuate while others do not.
What Is an Exchange Rate?
An exchange rate is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. In other words, it is the value of another country's currency compared to that of your own. If you are traveling to another country, you need to "buy" the local currency. Just like the price of any asset, the exchange rate is the price at which you can buy that currency. If you are traveling to Egypt, for example, and the exchange rate for USD 1.00 is EGP 5.50, this means that for every U.S. dollar, you can buy five and a half Egyptian pounds. Theoretically, identical assets should sell at the same price in different countries, because the exchange rate must maintain the inherent value of one currency against the other.
Fixed
There are two ways the price of a currency can be determined against another. A fixed, or pegged, rate is a rate the government (central bank) sets and maintains as the official exchange rate. A set price will be determined against a major world currency (usually the U.S. dollar, but also other major currencies such as the euro, the yen, or a basket of currencies). In order to maintain the local exchange rate, the central bank buys and sells its own currency on the foreign exchange market in return for the currency to which it is pegged.
If, for example, it is determined that the value of a single unit of local currency is equal to USD 3.00, the central bank will have to ensure that it can supply the market with those dollars. In order to maintain the rate, the central bank must keep a high level of foreign reserves. This is a reserved amount of foreign currency held by the central bank which it can use to release (or absorb) extra funds into (or out of) the market. This ensures an appropriate money supply, appropriate fluctuations in the market (inflation/deflation), and ultimately, the exchange rate. The central bank can also adjust the official exchange rate when necessary.
Floating
Unlike the fixed rate, a floating exchange rate is determined by the private market through supply and demand. A floating rate is often termed "self-correcting", as any differences in supply and demand will automatically be corrected in the market. Take a look at this simplified model: if demand for a currency is low, its value will decrease, thus making imported goods more expensive and thus stimulating demand for local goods and services. This in turn will generate more jobs, and hence an auto-correction would occur in the market. A floating exchange rate is constantly changing.
In reality, no currency is wholly fixed or floating. In a fixed regime, market pressures can also influence changes in the exchange rate. Sometimes, when a local currency does reflect its true value against its pegged currency, a "black market" which is more reflective of actual supply and demand may develop. A central bank will often then be forced to revalue or devalue the official rate so that the rate is in line with the unofficial one, thereby halting the activity of the black market.
In a floating regime, the central bank may also intervene when it is necessary to ensure stability and to avoid inflation; however, it is less often that the central bank of a floating regime will interfere.
The World Once Pegged
Between 1870 and 1914, there was a global fixed exchange rate. Currencies were linked to gold, meaning that the value of a local currency was fixed at a set exchange rate to gold ounces. This was known as the gold standard. This allowed for unrestricted capital mobility as well as global stability in currencies and trade; however, with the start of World War I, the gold standard was abandoned.
At the end of World War II, the conference at Bretton Woods, in an effort to generate global economic stability and increased volumes of global trade, established the basic rules and regulations governing international exchange. As such, an international monetary system, embodied in the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was established to promote foreign trade and to maintain the monetary stability of countries and therefore that of the global economy.
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It was agreed that currencies would once again be fixed, or pegged, but this time to the U.S. dollar, which in turn was pegged to gold at USD 35/ounce. What this meant was that the value of a currency was directly linked with the value of the U.S. dollar. So if you needed to buy Japanese yen, the value of the yen would be expressed in U.S. dollars, whose value in turn was determined in the value of gold. If a country needed to readjust the value of its currency, it could approach the IMF to adjust the pegged value of its currency. The peg was maintained until 1971, when the U.S. dollar could no longer hold the value of the pegged rate of USD 35/ounce of gold.
From then on, major governments adopted a floating system, and all attempts to move back to a global peg were eventually abandoned in 1985. Since then, no major economies have gone back to a peg, and the use of gold as a peg has been completely abandoned.
Why Peg?
The reasons to peg a currency are linked to stability. Especially in today's developing nations, a country may decide to peg its currency to create a stable atmosphere for foreign investment. With a peg the investor will always know what his/her investment value is, and therefore will not have to worry about daily fluctuations. A pegged currency can also help to lower inflation rates and generate demand, which results from greater confidence in the stability of the currency.
Fixed regimes, however, can often lead to severe financial crises since a peg is difficult to maintain in the long run. This was seen in the Mexican (1995), Asian and Russian (1997) financial crises: an attempt to maintain a high value of the local currency to the peg resulted in the currencies eventually becoming overvalued. This meant that the governments could no longer meet the demands to convert the local currency into the foreign currency at the pegged rate. With speculation and panic, investors scrambled to get out their money and convert it into foreign currency before the local currency was devalued against the peg; foreign reserve supplies eventually became depleted. In Mexico's case, the government was forced to devalue the peso by 30%. In Thailand, the government eventually had to allow the currency to float, and by the end of 1997, the bhat had lost its value by 50% as the market's demand and supply readjusted the value of the local currency.
Countries with pegs are often associated with having unsophisticated capital markets and weak regulating institutions. The peg is therefore there to help create stability in such an environment. It takes a stronger system as well as a mature market to maintain a float. When a country is forced to devalue its currency, it is also required to proceed with some form of economic reform, like implementing greater transparency, in an effort to strengthen its financial institutions.
Some governments may choose to have a "floating," or "crawling" peg, whereby the government reassesses the value of the peg periodically and then changes the peg rate accordingly. Usually the change is devaluation, but one that is controlled so that market panic is avoided. This method is often used in the transition from a peg to a floating regime, and it allows the government to "save face" by not being forced to devalue in an uncontrollable crisis.
Although the peg has worked in creating global trade and monetary stability, it was used only at a time when all the major economies were a part of it. And while a floating regime is not without its flaws, it has proven to be a more efficient means of determining the long term value of a currency and creating equilibrium in the international market.
B. 匯率方面的英文參考文獻 最少來3個 謝謝 ！~！！！
Exchange rate
In finance, the exchange rates (also known as the foreign-exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. For example an exchange rate of 102 Japanese yen (JPY, ¥) to the United States dollar (USD, $) means that JPY 102 is worth the same as USD 1. The foreign exchange market is one of the largest markets in the world. By some estimates, about 2 trillion USD worth of currency changes hands every day.
The spot exchange rate refers to the current exchange rate. The forward exchange rate refers to an exchange rate that is quoted and traded today but for delivery and payment on a specific future date.
Quotations
An exchange rate quotation is given by stating the number of units of "term currency" or "price currency" that can be bought in terms of 1 unit currency (also called base currency). For example, in a quotation that says the EURUSD exchange rate is 1.3 (1.3 USD per EUR), the term currency is USD and the base currency is EUR.
There is a market convention that determines which is the base currency and which is the term currency. In most parts of the world, the order is:
EUR - GBP - AUD - USD - *** (where *** is any other currency).
Thus if you are doing a conversion from EUR into AUD, EUR is the base currency, AUD is the term currency and the exchange rate tells you how many Australian dollars you would pay or receive for 1 euro. Cyprus and Malta which were quoted as the base to the USD and *** were recently removed from this list when they joined the euro. In some areas of Europe and in the non-professional market in the UK, EUR and GBP are reversed so that GBP is quoted as the base currency to the euro. In order to determine which is the base currency where both currencies are not listed (i.e. both are ***), market convention is to use the base currency which gives an exchange rate greater than 1.000. This avoids rounding issues and exchange rates being quoted to more than 4 decimal places. There are some exceptions to this rule e.g. the Japanese often quote their currency as the base to other currencies.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the price currency (e.g., EUR 1.00 = $1.45 in the US) are known as direct quotation or price quotation (from that country's perspective) ([1]) and are used by most countries.
Quotes using a country's home currency as the unit currency (e.g., £0.4762 = $1.00 in the US) are known as indirect quotation or quantity quotation and are used in British newspapers and are also common in Australia, New Zealand and the eurozone.
direct quotation: 1 foreign currency unit = x home currency units
indirect quotation: 1 home currency unit = x foreign currency units
Note that, using direct quotation, if the home currency is strengthening (i.e., appreciating, or becoming more valuable) then the exchange rate number decreases. Conversely if the foreign currency is strengthening, the exchange rate number increases and the home currency is depreciating.
When looking at a currency pair such as EURUSD, the first component (EUR in this case) will be called the base currency. The second is called the term currency. For example : EURUSD = 1.33866, means EUR is the base and USD the term, so 1 EUR = 1.33866 USD.
Currency pairs are often incorrectly quoted with a "/" (forward slash). In fact if the slash is inserted, the order of the currencies should be reversed. This gives the exchange rate. e.g. if EUR1 is worth USD1.35, euro is the base currency and dollar is the term currency so the exchange rate is stated EURUSD or USD/EUR. To get the exchange rate divide the USD amount by the euro amount e.g. 1.35/1.00 = 1.35
Market convention from the early 1980s to 2006 was that most currency pairs were quoted to 4 decimal places for spot transactions and up to 6 decimal places for forward outrights or swaps. (The fourth decimal place is usually referred to as a "pip.") An exception to this was exchange rates with a value of less than 1.000 which were usually quoted to 5 or 6 decimal places. Although there is no fixed rule, exchange rates with a value greater than around 20 were usually quoted to 3 decimal places and currencies with a value greater than 80 were quoted to 2 decimal places. Currencies over 5000 were usually quoted with no decimal places (e.g. the former Turkish Lira). e.g. (GBPOMR : 0.765432 - EURUSD : 1.3386 - GBPBEF : 58.234 - EURJPY : 165.29). In other words, quotes are given with 5 digits. Where rates are below 1, quotes frequently include 5 decimal places.
In 2006 Barclays Capital broke with convention by offering spot exchange rates with 5 or 6 decimal places. The contraction of spreads (the difference between the bid and offer rates) arguably necessitated finer pricing and gave the banks the ability to try and win transaction on multibank trading platforms where all banks may otherwise have been quoting the same price. A number of other banks have now followed this.
Free or pegged
Main article: Exchange rate regime
If a currency is free-floating, its exchange rate is allowed to vary against that of other currencies and is determined by the market forces of supply and demand. Exchange rates for such currencies are likely to change almost constantly as quoted on financial markets, mainly by banks, around the world. A movable or adjustable peg system is a system of fixed exchange rates, but with a provision for the devaluation of a currency. For example, between 1994 and 2005, the Chinese yuan renminbi (RMB) was pegged to the United States dollar at RMB 8.2768 to $1. China was not the only country to do this; from the end of World War II until 1966, Western European countries all maintained fixed exchange rates with the US dollar based on the Bretton Woods system. [2]
Nominal and real exchange rates
The nominal exchange rate e is the price in domestic currency of one unit of a foreign currency.
The real exchange rate (RER) is defined as , where P is the domestic price level and P * the foreign price level. P and P * must have the same arbitrary value in some chosen base year. Hence in the base year, RER = e.
The RER is only a theoretical ideal. In practice, there are many foreign currencies and price level values to take into consideration. Correspondingly, the model calculations become increasingly more complex. Furthermore, the model is based on purchasing power parity (PPP), which implies a constant RER. The empirical determination of a constant RER value could never be realised, e to limitations on data collection. PPP would imply that the RER is the rate at which an organization can trade goods and services of one economy (e.g. country) for those of another. For example, if the price of a good increases 10% in the UK, and the Japanese currency simultaneously appreciates 10% against the UK currency, then the price of the good remains constant for someone in Japan. The people in the UK, however, would still have to deal with the 10% increase in domestic prices. It is also worth mentioning that government-enacted tariffs can affect the actual rate of exchange, helping to rece price pressures. PPP appears to hold only in the long term (3–5 years) when prices eventually correct towards parity.
More recent approaches in modelling the RER employ a set of macroeconomic variables, such as relative proctivity and the real interest rate differential.
Bilateral vs effective exchange rate
Bilateral exchange rate involves a currency pair, while effective exchange rate is weighted average of a basket of foreign currencies, and it can be viewed as an overall measure of the country's external competitiveness. A nominal effective exchange rate (NEER) is weighted with trade weights. a real effective exchange rate (REER) adjust NEER by appropriate foreign price level and deflates by the home country price level. Compared to NEER, a GDP weighted effective exchange rate might be more appropriate considering the global investment phenomenon.
Uncovered interest rate parity
See also: Interest rate parity#Uncovered interest rate parity
Uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP) states that an appreciation or depreciation of one currency against another currency might be neutralized by a change in the interest rate differential. If US interest rates exceed Japanese interest rates then the US dollar should depreciate against the Japanese yen by an amount that prevents arbitrage. The future exchange rate is reflected into the forward exchange rate stated today. In our example, the forward exchange rate of the dollar is said to be at a discount because it buys fewer Japanese yen in the forward rate than it does in the spot rate. The yen is said to be at a premium.
UIRP showed no proof of working after 1990s. Contrary to the theory, currencies with high interest rates characteristically appreciated rather than depreciated on the reward of the containment of inflation and a higher-yielding currency.
Balance of payments model
This model holds that a foreign exchange rate must be at its equilibrium level - the rate which proces a stable current account balance. A nation with a trade deficit will experience rection in its foreign exchange reserves which ultimately lowers (depreciates) the value of its currency. The cheaper currency renders the nation's goods (exports) more affordable in the global market place while making imports more expensive. After an intermediate period, imports are forced down and exports rise, thus stabilizing the trade balance and the currency towards equilibrium.
Like PPP, the balance of payments model focuses largely on tradable goods and services, ignoring the increasing role of global capital flows. In other words, money is not only chasing goods and services, but to a larger extent, financial assets such as stocks and bonds. Their flows go into the capital account item of the balance of payments, thus, balancing the deficit in the current account. The increase in capital flows has given rise to the asset market model.
Asset market model
See also: Capital asset pricing model
The explosion in trading of financial assets (stocks and bonds) has reshaped the way analysts and traders look at currencies. Economic variables such as economic growth, inflation and proctivity are no longer the only drivers of currency movements. The proportion of foreign exchange transactions stemming from cross border-trading of financial assets has dwarfed the extent of currency transactions generated from trading in goods and services.
The asset market approach views currencies as asset prices traded in an efficient financial market. Consequently, currencies are increasingly demonstrating a strong correlation with other markets, particularly equities.
Like the stock exchange, money can be made or lost on the foreign exchange market by investors and speculators buying and selling at the right times. Currencies can be traded at spot and foreign exchange options markets. The spot market represents current exchange rates, whereas options are derivatives of exchange rates.
Fluctuations in exchange rates
A market based exchange rate will change whenever the values of either of the two component currencies change. A currency will tend to become more valuable whenever demand for it is greater than the available supply. It will become less valuable whenever demand is less than available supply (this does not mean people no longer want money, it just means they prefer holding their wealth in some other form, possibly another currency).
Increased demand for a currency is e to either an increased transaction demand for money, or an increased speculative demand for money. The transaction demand for money is highly correlated to the country's level of business activity, gross domestic proct (GDP), and employment levels. The more people there are unemployed, the less the public as a whole will spend on goods and services. Central banks typically have little difficulty adjusting the available money supply to accommodate changes in the demand for money e to business transactions.
The speculative demand for money is much harder for a central bank to accommodate but they try to do this by adjusting interest rates. An investor may choose to buy a currency if the return (that is the interest rate) is high enough. The higher a country's interest rates, the greater the demand for that currency. It has been argued that currency speculation can undermine real economic growth, in particular since large currency speculators may deliberately create downward pressure on a currency in order to force that central bank to sell their currency to keep it stable (once this happens, the speculator can buy the currency back from the bank at a lower price, close out their position, and thereby take a profit).
In choosing what type of asset to is officially pegged, synthetic markets have emerged that can behave as if the yuan were floating).
匯率
在經濟學上，匯率定義為兩國貨幣之間兌換的比例。通常會將某一國的貨幣設為基準，以此換算金額價值他國幾元的貨幣。在英文使用方面，有時簡寫為FX，此為外國貨幣Foreign Exchange的簡寫。
通俗的說，是一國貨幣單位兌換他國貨幣單位的比率，也可以說是用一國貨幣表示的另一國貨幣的價格。
匯率的特性在於它多半是浮動的比率。只要貨幣能夠透過匯率自由交換，依交換量的多寡，就會影響隔天的匯率，因此，有人也以賺匯差營利，今日以較低的比率購進某一外幣，隔日等到較高的比率出現時，再轉手賣出。
所以有時匯率也能看出一個國家的經濟狀況。了解外匯也能看出這個國家的出口貿易狀況。
交叉匯率
所謂交叉匯率是指兩種不同貨幣之間的價格關系，兩個國家之間的貨幣匯兌是利用各自對美元的匯率套算得出。
舉例來看，若一美元可分別兌換0.8112歐元、109.28日圓，則歐元兌日圓的交叉匯率為134.71（= 109.28/0.8112）。
C. 幫幫我吧~~
http://www.for68.com/web/smzysy/more.asp?page=2&ac=776
D. 英語達人請入~~~~~~~~~~~~~
這是我在金山詞霸里找的,建議你去下一個詞霸,學英語很有用的:
economist 經濟學家
socialist economy 社會主義經濟
capitalist economy 資本主義經濟
collective economy 集體經濟
planned economy 計劃經濟
controlled economy 管制經濟
rural economics 農村經濟
liberal economy 自由經濟
mixed economy 混合經濟
political economy 政治經濟學
protectionism 保護主義
autarchy 閉關自守
primary sector 初級成分
private sector 私營成分,私營部門
public sector 公共部門,公共成分
economic channels 經濟渠道
economic balance 經濟平衡
economic fluctuation 經濟波動
economic depression 經濟衰退
economic stability 經濟穩定
economic policy 經濟政策
economic recovery 經濟復原
understanding 約定
concentration 集中
holding company 控股公司
trust 托拉斯
cartel 卡特爾
rate of growth 增長
economic trend 經濟趨勢
economic situation 經濟形勢
infrastructure 基本建設
standard of living 生活標准,生活水平
purchasing power, buying power 購買力
scarcity 短缺
stagnation 停滯,蕭條,不景氣
underdevelopment 不發達
underdeveloped 不發達的
developing 發展中的
initial capital 創辦資本
frozen capital 凍結資金
frozen assets 凍結資產
fixed assets 固定資產
real estate 不動產,房地產
circulating capital, working capital 流動資本
available capital 可用資產
capital goods 資本貨物
reserve 准備金,儲備金
calling up of capital 催繳資本
allocation of funds 資金分配
contribution of funds 資金捐獻
working capital fund 周轉基金
revolving fund 循環基金,周轉性基金
contingency fund 意外開支,准備金
reserve fund 准備金
buffer fund 緩沖基金,平準基金
sinking fund 償債基金
investment 投資,資產
investor 投資人
self-financing 自籌經費,經費自給
bank 銀行
current account 經常帳戶 (美作:checking account)
current-account holder 支票帳戶 (美作:checking-account holder)
cheque 支票 (美作:check)
bearer cheque, cheque payable to bearer 無記名支票,來人支票
crossed cheque 劃線支票
traveller's cheque 旅行支票
chequebook 支票簿,支票本 (美作:checkbook)
endorsement 背書
transfer 轉讓,轉帳,過戶
money 貨幣
issue 發行
ready money 現錢
cash 現金
ready money business, no credit given 現金交易,概不賒欠
change 零錢
banknote, note 鈔票,紙幣 (美作:bill)
to pay (in) cash 付現金
domestic currency, local currency] 本國貨幣
convertibility 可兌換性
convertible currencies 可自由兌換貨幣
exchange rate 匯率,兌換率
foreign exchange 外匯
floating exchange rate 浮動匯率
free exchange rates 自由匯兌市場
foreign exchange certificate 外匯兌換券
hard currency 硬通貨
speculation 投機
saving 儲裝,存款
depreciation 減價,貶值
devaluation (貨幣)貶值
revaluation 重估價
runaway inflation 無法控制的通貨膨脹
deflation 通貨緊縮
capital flight 資本外逃
securities business 證券市場
stock exchange 股票市場
stock exchange corporation 證券交易所
stock exchange 證券交易所,股票交易所
quotation 報價,牌價
share 股份,股票
shareholder, stockholder 股票持有人,股東
dividend 股息,紅利
cash dividend 現金配股
stock investment 股票投資
investment trust 投資信託
stock-jobber 股票經紀人
stock company, stock brokerage firm 證券公司
securities 有價證券
share, common stock 普通股
preference stock 優先股
income gain 股利收入
issue 發行股票
par value 股面價格, 票面價格
bull 買手, 多頭
bear 賣手, 空頭
assigned 過戶
opening price 開盤
closing price 收盤
hard times 低潮
business recession 景氣衰退
doldrums 景氣停滯
ll 盤整
ease 鬆弛
raising limit 漲停板
break 暴跌
bond, debenture 債券
Wall Street 華爾街
short term loan 短期貸款
long term loan 長期貸款
medium term loan 中期貸款
lender 債權人
creditor 債權人
debtor 債務人,借方
borrower 借方,借款人
borrowing 借款
interest 利息
rate of interest 利率
discount 貼現,折扣
rediscount 再貼現
annuity 年金
maturity 到期日,償還日
amortization 攤銷,攤還,分期償付
redemption 償還
insurance 保險
mortgage 抵押
allotment 撥款
short term credit 短期信貸
consolidated debt 合並債務
funded debt 固定債務,長期債務
floating debt 流動債務
drawing 提款,提存
aid 援助
allowance, grant, subsidy 補貼,補助金,津貼
output 產出,產量
procer 生產者,製造者
proctive, procing 生產的
procts, goods 產品
consumer goods 消費品
article 物品,商品
manufactured goods, finished goods 製成品,產成品
raw proct 初級產品
semifinished goods 半成品
by-proct 副產品
foodstuffs 食品
raw material 原料
supply 供應,補給
input 投入
proctivity 生產率
proctiveness 贏利性
overproction 生產過剩
cost 成本,費用
expenditure, outgoings 開支,支出
fixed costs 固定成本
overhead costs 營業間接成本
overheads 雜項開支,間接成本
operating costs 生產費用,營業成本
operating expenses 營業費用
running expenses 日常費用,經營費用
miscellaneous costs 雜項費用
overhead expenses 間接費用,管理費用
upkeep costs, maintenance costs 維修費用,養護費用
transport costs 運輸費用
social charges 社會負擔費用
contingent expenses, contingencies 或有費用
apportionment of expenses 分攤費用
income 收入,收益
earnings 利潤,收益
gross income, gross earnings 總收入,總收益
gross profit, gross benefit 毛利,總利潤,利益毛額
net income 純收益,凈收入,收益凈額
average income 平均收入
national income 國民收入
profitability, profit earning capacity 利潤率,贏利率
yield 產量收益,收益率
increase in value, appreciation 增值,升值
ty 稅
taxation system 稅制
taxation 征稅,納稅
fiscal charges 財務稅收
progressive taxation 累進稅制
graated tax 累進稅
value added tax 增值稅
income tax 所得稅
land tax 地租,地價稅
excise tax 特許權稅
basis of assessment 估稅標准
taxable income 須納稅的收入
fiscality 檢查
tax-free 免稅的
tax exemption 免稅
taxpayer 納稅人
tax collector 收稅員
China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, C.C.P.I.T. 中國國際貿易促進委員會
National Council for US-China Trade 美中貿易全國理事會
Japan-China Economic Association 日中經濟協會
Association for the Promotion of International Trade,Japan 日本國際貿易促進會
British Council for the Promotion of International Trade 英國國際貿易促進委員會
International Chamber of Commerce 國際商會
International Union of Marine Insurance 國際海洋運輸保險協會
International Alumina Association 國際鋁礬土協會
Universal Postal Union, UPU 萬國郵政聯盟
Customs Co-operation Council, CCC 關稅合作理事會
United Nations Trade and Development Board 聯合國貿易與發展理事會
Organization for Economic cooperation and Development, DECD 經濟合作與開發組織
European Economic Community, EEC, European Common Market 歐洲經濟共同體
European Free Trade Association, EFTA 歐洲自由貿易聯盟
European Free Trade Area, EFTA 歐洲自由貿易區
Council for Mutual Economic Aid, CMEA 經濟互助委員會
Eurogroup 歐洲集團
Group of Ten 十國集團
Committee of Twenty(Paris Club) 二十國委員會
Coordinating Committee, COCOM 巴黎統籌委員會
Caribbean Common Market, CCM, Caribbean Free-Trade Association, CARIFTA 加勒比共同市場（加勒比自由貿易同盟）
Andeans Common Market, ACM, Andeans Treaty Organization, ATO 安第斯共同市場
Latin American Free Trade Association, LAFTA 拉丁美洲自由貿易聯盟
Central American Common Market, CACM 中美洲共同市場
African and Malagasy Common Organization, OCAM 非洲與馬爾加什共同組織
East African Common Market, EACM 東非共同市場
Central African Customs and Economic Union, CEUCA 中非關稅經濟同盟
West African Economic Community, WAEC 西非經濟共同體
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC 石油輸出國組織
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OAPEC 阿拉伯石油輸出國組織
Commonwealth Preference Area 英聯邦特惠區
Centre National Commerce Exterieur, National Center of External Trade 法國對外貿易中心
People's Bank of China 中國人民銀行
Bank of China 中國銀行
International Bank for Reconstruction and development, IBRD 國際復興開發銀行
World Bank 世界銀行
International Development association, IDA 國際開發協會
International Monetary Found Agreement 國際貨幣基金協定
International Monetary Found, IMF 國際貨幣基金組織
European Economic and Monetary Union 歐洲經濟與貨幣同盟
European Monetary Cooperation Fund 歐洲貨幣合作基金
Bank for International Settlements, BIS 國際結算銀行
African Development Bank, AFDB 非洲開發銀行
Export-Import Bank of Washington 美國進出口銀行
National city Bank of New York 花旗銀行
American Oriental Banking Corporation 美豐銀行
American Express Co. Inc. 美國萬國寶通銀行
The Chase Bank 大通銀行
Inter-American Development Bank, IDB 泛美開發銀行
European Investment Bank, EIB 歐洲投資銀行
Midland Bank,Ltd. 米蘭銀行
United Bank of Switzerland 瑞士聯合銀行
Dresden Bank A.G. 德累斯敦銀行
Bank of Tokyo,Ltd. 東京銀行
Hongkong and Shanghai Corporation 香港匯豐銀行
International Finance Corporation, IFC 國際金融公司
La Communaute Financieve Africane 非洲金融共同體
Economic and Social Council, ECOSOC 聯合國經濟及社會理事會
United Nations Development Program, NUDP 聯合國開發計劃署
United Nations Capital Development Fund, UNCDF 聯合國資本開發基金
United Nations Instrial Development Organization, UNIDO 聯合國工業發展組織
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD 聯合國貿易與發展會議
Food and Agricultural Organization, FAO 糧食與農業組織, 糧農組織
Economic Commission for Europe, ECE 歐洲經濟委員會
Economic Commission for Latin America, ECLA 拉丁美洲經濟委員會
Economic Commission for Asia and Far East, ECAFE 亞洲及遠東經濟委員會
Economic Commission for Western Asia, ECWA 西亞經濟委員會
Economic Commission for Africa, ECA 非洲經濟委員會
Overseas Chinese Investment Company 華僑投資公司
New York Stock Exchange, NYSE 紐約證券交易所
London Stock Market 倫敦股票市場
Baltic Mercantile and Shipping Exchange 波羅的海商業和航運交易所
E. 高手進！關於金融英語的選擇題，一定要正確率啊！拜託了！100分全給了！
1a 2c 3d 4c 5d 6c 7b 8d 9d 10d 11b 12d 13c 14a 15b 16d 17c 18a 19a 20c
F. currency speculation
是。 就是指通過進行不同幣種之間的買賣，利用匯率變化來賺錢，當然也可能結果是賠錢。所以叫投機。
比如人民幣要升值了， 好多熱錢(hot money）都換成了人民幣等升值， 這些錢不是投資（investment), 而是投機speculative money，一但升完值，立刻就賣掉離開了。
我覺得樓上說的是一種債券投資技巧 Bond Investment Strategy
G. 幫忙翻譯幾個詞
體現在 embody
eg.體現在產品上的先進技術轉移:
transfer of advanced technology embodied in proct
打垮 put to rout
一體化 Gleichschaltung(德語） all-in-one
炒作 speculation (stock)
hype (news)
發揮作用
充分發揮作用:
1. put into fullplay
2. call into fullplay
政府的政策開始發揮作用了.
The government's policies are beginning to tell.
廣告多通過啟發人的聯想力而發揮作用.
Most advertisements work through suggestion.
造成沖擊 bring about impact
H. 幫忙翻譯幾句英文！謝謝
Foreign Exchange Market
外匯市場
Functions:
功能
Currency conversion
貨幣兌換
Insuring against foreign exchange risk
保障免受外匯風險
-hedging
套頭交易
Currency risk：
貨幣風險：
Exchange rate changes from the date of contract to the date of payment
從合同簽署日起到支付日，匯率一直變動
Currency speculation：
貨幣投機買賣：
Short-term movement of funds from one currency to another for gains
短期的貨幣間獲益性流動
I. 經濟學怎嗎說
economics